Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidenceSnodgrass, Michael and Bernat, Edward and Shevrin, Howard (2004) Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence. Perception & Psychophysics, 66 (5). pp. 846-867. Full text available as:
Official URL: http://www.ingentaconnect.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/psocpubs/prp/2004/00000066/00000005/art00012 AbstractUnconscious perceptual effects remain controversial because it is hard to rule out alternative conscious perception explanations for them. We present a novel methodological framework, stressing the centrality of specifying the single-process conscious perception model (i.e., the null hypothesis). Various considerations, including those of SDT (Macmillan & Creelman, 1991), suggest that conscious perception functions hierarchically, in such a way that higher level effects (e.g., semantic priming) should not be possible without lower level discrimination (i.e., detection and identification). Relatedly, alternative conscious perception accounts (as well as the exhaustiveness, null sensitivity, and exclusiveness problems—Reingold & Merikle, 1988, 1990) predict positive relationships between direct and indirect measures. Contrariwise, our review suggests that negative and/or nonmonotonic relationships are found, providing strong evidence for unconscious perception and further suggesting that conscious and unconscious perceptual influences are functionally exclusive (cf. Jones, 1987), in such a way that the former typically override the latter when both are present. Consequently, unconscious perceptual effects manifest reliably only when conscious perception is completely absent, which occurs at the objective detection (but not identification) threshold. Comments/DiscussionThis paper reviews methodological issues and the empirical literature on unconscious perception, and proposes a novel theoretical framework and interpretation of the literature.
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